The BUILD language

Types

The set of builtin types are again fairly familiar:

• Integers (all integers are 64-bit signed integers)
• Strings
• Lists
• Dictionaries
• Functions
• Booleans (named True and False)

There are no floating-point numbers or class types. In some cases lists and dicts can be "frozen" to prohibit modification when they may be shared between files; that's done implicitly by the runtime when appropriate.

Dictionaries are somewhat restricted in function; they may only be keyed by strings and cannot be iterated directly - i.e. one must use keys(), values() or items(). The results of all these functions are always consistently ordered.
They support PEP-584 style unions (although not the |= form).

Functions

The build language has a rich set of builtin functions that largely resemble those provided by python. In addition to these, there are some additional built in functions specific to the Please domain. See the built in functions documentation for more information.

Style

We normally write BUILD files in an idiom which doesn't quite match standard Python styles. The justification is that these are mostly just inherited from working on Blaze, but a brief explanation follows after an example:

    
    
    # Taken from //src/core/BUILD in the Please repo
    go_library(
        name = "core",
        srcs = glob(["*.go"], exclude=["*_test.go", "version.go"]) + [":version"],
        visibility = ["PUBLIC"],
        deps = [
            "//third_party/go:gcfg",
            "//third_party/go:logging",
            "//third_party/go:queue",
        ]
    )
    
  

All arguments to build rules are passed as keywords. This is pretty important since (1) nobody will be able to read your BUILD file otherwise and (2) we don't guarantee not to change the order of arguments when we insert new ones. Fortunately Please will check this for you at runtime.

Arguments to functions like glob() and subinclude() are not necessarily passed as keywords.

We put spaces around the = for each argument to the build rule - we think it's easier to read this way.

Either single or double quotes work, as usual, but don't mix both in one file. We usually prefer double because that's what Buildifier (see below) prefers.

Lists either go all on one line:

    
    
    ["*_test.go", "version.go"]
    
  

or are broken across multiple lines like so:

    
    
    [
        "//third_party/go:gcfg",
        "//third_party/go:logging",
        "//third_party/go:queue",
    ]
    
  

Indentation is normally four spaces. Tabs will be rejected by the parser.
Dealing with indentation in a whitespace-significant language is tricky enough without introducing tabs to complicate the situation as well.

We generally try to order lists lexicographically where it does not matter (for example deps or visibility).

If you'd like an autoformatter for BUILD files, Google's Buildifier is very good & fast. We use it both internally & on the Please repo.

Grammar

The grammar is defined as (more or less) the following in EBNF, where Ident, String, Int and EOL are token types emitted by the lexer.

    
    # Start symbol for the grammar, representing the top-level structure of a file.
file_input = { statement };

# Any single statement. Must occur on its own line.
statement = ( "pass" | "continue" | "break" | func_def | for | if | return |
             assert | ident_statement | expression ) EOL;
return = "return" [ expression { "," expression } ];
assert = "assert" expression [ "," expression ];
for = "for" Ident { "," Ident } "in" expression ":" EOL { statement };
if = "if" expression ":" EOL { statement }
     [ "elif" expression ":" EOL { statement } ]
     [ "else" ":" EOL { statement } ];
func_def = "def" Ident "(" [ argument { "," argument } ] ")" ":" EOL
           [ String EOL ]
           { statement };
argument = Ident [ ":" String { "|" String } ] { "&" Ident } [ "=" expression ];
ident_statement = Ident
                  ( { "," Ident } "=" expression
                  | ( "[" expression "]" ( "=" | "+=" ) expression)
                  | ( "." ident | call | "=" expression | "+=" expression ) );

# Any generalised expression, with all the trimmings.
expression = [ "-" | "not" ] value [ operator expression ]
             [ "if" expression "else" expression ];
string = [ "f" | "r" ] String;
value = ( string | Int | "True" | "False" | "None" | list | dict | parens | lambda | ident )
        [ slice ] [ ( "." ident | call ) ];
ident = Ident { "." ident | call };
call = "(" [ arg { "," arg } ] ")";
arg = expression | ident "=" expression;
list = "[" expression [ { "," expression } | comprehension ] "]";
parens = "(" expression { "," expression } ")";
dict = "{" expression ":" expression [ { "," expression ":" expression } | comprehension ] "}";
comprehension = "for" Ident { "," Ident } "in" expression
                [ "for" Ident { "," Ident } "in" expression ]
                [ "if" expression ];
slice = "[" [ expression ] [ ":" expression ] "]";
lambda = "lambda" [ lambda_arg { "," lambda_arg } ] ":" expression;
lambda_arg = Ident [ "=" expression ];
operator = ("+" | "-" | "*" | "/" | "%" | "<" | ">" | "and" | "or" |
            "is" | "is" "not" | "in" | "not" "in" | "==" | "!=" | ">=" | "<=" | "|");

  

As mentioned above, this is similar to Python but lacks the import, try, except, finally, class, global, nonlocal, while and async keywords. The implementation disallows using these as identifiers nonetheless since some tools might attempt to operate on the file using Python's ast module for convenience, which would not be possible if those keywords are used.
As a result, while raise and assert are supported, it's not possible to catch and handle the resulting exceptions. These hence function only to signal an error condition which results in immediate termination.
Note that assert is never optimised out, as it can be in Python.

A more limited set of operators than in Python are available. The provided set are considered sufficient for use in BUILD files.

Function annotations similar to PEP-3107 / PEP-484 are available, although they have first-class meaning as type hints. The arguments are annotated with the expected type or types (separated by |) and when called the type of the argument will be verified to match. This makes it easier to give useful feedback to users if they make mistakes in their BUILD files (e.g. passing a string where a list is required).

Additionally, arguments can be aliased using the def func(arg_name: str&arg_alias):... syntax, such that func(arg_name="example") and func(arg_alias="example") are equivalent.

User-defined varargs and kwargs functions are not supported.

PEP-498 style "f-string" interpolation is available, but it is deliberately much more limited than in Python; it can only interpolate variable names rather than arbitrary expressions.